General Carl Stiner (Retired)

The HISTORY of TERRORISM

General Carl Stiner was born in Lafollette, Tennessee, on September 7, l936. He graduated from Tennessee Polytechnic Institute in 1958 with a bachelor of science degree and was commissioned in the Infantry. He served initially with the 9th Infantry Regiment at Fort Benning, Georgia, the 7th Infantry Division in Korea, and commanded a basic training company at Fort Jackson, South Carolina.

His first special operations tour of duty was in 1964-66 with the 3rd Special Forces Group at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Following graduation from the Army Command and General Staff College in 1967, he served in Vietnam as both an infantry battalion and brigade operations officer (S-3) with the 4th Infantry Division.

In 1970, after a tour with Headquarters, Department of the Army in Washington, D.C., he joined the 82d Airborne Division where he commanded the 2nd Battalion, 325th Airborne Infantry Regiment, and served as the Division operations officer (G3). Following graduation from the Army War College in 1975 and a tour in Saudi Arabia, he commanded the 1st Infantry Training Brigade at Fort Benning, Georgia.

Promoted to Brigadier General in 1980, he served first as the Chief of Staff, Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF), then headquartered at MacDill Air Force Base, and later as the Assistant Division Commander of the 82d Airborne Division. After serving on the Joint Staff in Washington, D.C., as Assistant Deputy Director for Politico-Military Affairs, in 1984 he was promoted to Major General and appointed as Commanding General of the Joint Special Operations Command at Fort Bragg.

He held this post until assigned as Commanding General, 82d Airborne Division, in January 1987. In October 1988 he was named Commanding General, XVIII Airborne Corps and Fort Bragg. As Commanding General, XVIII Airborne Corps, he was designated Commander, Joint Task Force South, and served as the operational commander of all forces employed on Operation JUST CAUSE in Panama in December 1989.

In May 1990 he was promoted to the rank of General and became the second Commander in Chief of the United States Special Operations Command, headquartered at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. As Commander in Chief, he was responsible for the readiness of all special operations forces of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, both active duty and reserve, retiring in May 1993.

During his thirty-five year career, General Carl Stiner commanded the Army's preeminent contingency strike forces; including the Joint Special Operations Command, the 82d Airborne Division and the XVIII Airborne Corps. General Stiner has an extensive background in special operations. Among the many missions in which he was involved was the capture of the terrorists in the Achille Lauro hijacking, the Panama invasion and the capture of Manuel Noriega, and all special operations activities during Operation Desert Storm.

This speech was a most significant and enlightening presentation. Based upon his vast knowledge of the Middle East and its history, General Stiner provided a succinct history of Muhammad and the creation of Islam. He described the evolution of Islam from its pure state to the curruption of its more conservative elements for the purpose of justifying the current terrorism that ultimately resulted in the September 11, 2001 attack on America AND the world.

He began by stating that for us to understand where we are going, we must first understand where we have been and how we got there. Proceeding from that basic concept, he elaborated on the history of terrorism from his unique vantage point of having personal involvement in much of the key situations in the world over the past several decades.

We who were in the audience were blessed to be able to listen to such an intimate and factual review of world events. Terrorism, for us is better understood and likely more hated as a result of last evening's presentation by General Stiner. Here is the content of the evening's presentation:

What follows is not a verbatim account of General Stiner’s remarks, but my recollections and notes on his talk with additional history on Muhammad and the Islam religion inserted. I hope I have been faithful to the General’s intent. I hope you enjoy the notes from what I consider to be THE most significant speech presented locally since the September 11, 2001 terrorist event… Ray Smith

For additional information on Carl Stiner's Leadership Principles, go to: Shadow Warriors

Fred Cole introduced Carl Stiner, Campbell County farmer, career military servant, local hero, national policy advisor, international champion of United States influence in the world, natural leader and extremely astute individual for whom all who know him have the utmost respect, honor and admiration.

General Stiner began by stating the most important thing about this class is the relationships formed. He admonished the class to sustain those relationships and to know the true secret of effective leadership is the trust and respect built by relationships such as those developed among the class members of East Tennessee Regional Leadership Class of 2001. He reminded the class that during the most intense crisis even the highest-ranking staff could become stiff and unable to respond, while the trust and respect from such relationships as those formed in this class enable successful leadership. He cited two such examples of crisis when he personally called on trusted relationships to meet the need for support when the chips were truly down and each relationship was strong enough to respond without questioning why. The persons requested to support his immediate needs provided that support leading to the success of the mission. He admonished the class to use each other in similar fashion. Call on one another; help one another and the East Tennessee Region will be strong for it and leadership will flourish.

And with that said on leadership, General Stiner informed the audience that he was not going to speak on leadership tonight, but was going to give us a history lesson about Israel and Arab relations. (The following comes from Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia and provides much the same information as General Stiner related…however, I could not capture in my notes the details of all he said. Yet a basic understanding of the beginnings of Islam is vital to comprehend how and why terrorism emanating from the Middle East affects the world as it does today, therefore I have included the details here.)

Muhammed lived from 570 – 632 AD. Muhammad was born in Mecca. He belonged to the clan of Hashim, a poor but respected branch of the prestigious and influential tribe of Quraysh. His father died before he was born, and after his mother's death when he was six, he was brought up by his uncle Abu Talib. Pensive and withdrawn in temperament, he displayed an acute moral sensitivity at an early age, and he was known as al-Amin ("the trusted one"). Like his fellow tribesmen, he became a trader and made several journeys to Syria, where he may have met and conversed with Christians. He then began to manage the business of a rich widow, Khadija; she was greatly impressed by both his honesty and ability, and she shortly offered him marriage, which he accepted at the age of 25. Muhammad probably heard Christians and Jews expound their religious views at commercial fairs in Mecca, and, troubled by the questions they raised, he periodically withdrew to a cave outside Mecca to meditate and pray for guidance. During one of these retreats he experienced a vision of the archangel Gabriel, who proclaimed him a prophet of God. He was greatly perplexed by the experience but was reassured by his wife, and, as new revelations followed, he came to accept his prophetic mission. His wife and his cousin Ali became his first followers, and eventually he began to preach in public, reciting the verses of his revelation, which came to be known as the Qur'an (Koran). He gained some prominent converts, but the movement grew slowly. Muhammad's earliest teachings emphasized his belief in one transcendent but personal God, the Last Judgment, and social and economic justice. God, he asserted, had sent prophets to other nations throughout history, but, having failed to reform, those nations had been destroyed. Muhammad proclaimed his own message, the Qur'an, to be the last revealed Book and himself to be the last of the prophets, consummating and superseding the earlier ones. Insisting on the necessity of social reform, Muhammad advocated improving the lot of slaves, orphans, women, and the poor and replacing tribal loyalties with the fellowship of Islamic faith. This egalitarian and reformist tendency quickly aroused the enmity of the rich merchants who dominated Mecca. They persecuted some of Muhammad's weaker followers, and in 615 he ordered 83 families to take refuge in Ethiopia. When both his beloved wife Khadija and his uncle and protector Abu Talib died in 619, he despaired of his position in Mecca. After an unsuccessful effort to convert the nearby town of AtTa'if, he was approached by a delegation from Yathrib (later Medina), a city about 300 km (about 186 mi) to the north that was divided by tribal feuds. They asked him to arbitrate the feuds, offering him considerable authority. After careful negotiations, Muhammad accepted and asked his followers to emigrate from Mecca to Medina. Muhammad escaped Mecca just as his enemies were preparing to murder him, and he arrived in Medina eight days later. His flight became known as the Hegira (Arabic hijrah) and marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

Muhammad was soon given supreme authority in Medina, and he began to establish the ritual practices of Islam and to carry out social reforms. He promulgated a charter that specified the rights and relationships of the Muslims, Jews, and other groups of the city. The Meccans, meanwhile, persisted in their hostility, demanding the extradition of Muhammad and his Meccan followers. They were supported in Medina by a group, referred to in the Qur'an as the Hypocrites, who had submitted to Islam but were secretly working against it. This group in turn was aided by the three Jewish tribes that were residing in Medina. Muhammad's strategy in the developing conflict with Mecca was to attack Meccan trade caravans returning from Syria and thus economically weaken the city. In 624, the first major battle occurred, in which the Muslims, despite their inferiority in numbers and weapons, soundly defeated the Meccans. In the next major battle, the following year, the Meccans had the advantage but were unable to achieve a decisive victory. A Meccan army of 10,000 besieged Medina in 627 but failed to take the city. Muhammad meanwhile eliminated his enemies within Medina. After each of the first two battles he expelled a Jewish tribe, and after the third major battle he had the males of the remaining tribe massacred for collaborating with his opponents. In 630, the Meccans, unable to conquer Medina and crippled by the severing of their trade routes, finally submitted peacefully to Muhammad, who treated the city generously, declaring a general amnesty. Tribal delegations arrived from throughout Arabia, and their tribes were soon converted to Islam. Muhammad, now the most powerful leader in Arabia, enforced the principles of Islam and established the foundation of the Islamic empire. He ordered the destruction of the idols in the Kaaba, the traditional place of pilgrimage in Mecca, which then became the holiest shrine of Islam. He granted Jews and Christians religious autonomy as "peoples of the Book," whose revelations anticipated his own. On his last visit to Mecca, at the time of the annual pilgrimage, he gave a sermon in which he summarized his reforms, declared the brotherhood of Muslims, and repudiated all distinctions of class, color, and race. He died suddenly and unexpectedly in Medina about a year later, on June 8, 632. As long as Khadija lived, Muhammad took no other wives. After her death in 619, when he was 50, he eventually married nine women, including Aisha, the daughter of his kinsman and early follower Abu Bakr, who was to become the first caliph, or successor to Muhammad. He also took a Christian Coptic slave as a concubine. Muhammad's sons all died in infancy, and the only daughter to survive him was Fatima, who married Ali, the fourth caliph. After Muhammad's death, his followers began to embellish the story of his life with mythology, probably derived in part from accounts of the founders of other religions. The story of Muhammad's ascension to heaven from Jerusalem, for instance, seems to have been modeled on the ascension of Jesus. Muhammad's heart, his early followers asserted, was miraculously cleansed of all unworthy thoughts when he was a boy of 12, and he was declared, as were the other prophets, immune from error and able to intercede on the behalf of sinners. Although the Qur'an explicitly denies that Muhammad performed any miracles, his followers soon credited him with many miraculous feats. Muslims, however, have always attributed their religion to God alone and repudiate any suggestion of the prophet's divinity. Muhammad's remarkable abilities and personality are demonstrated by the establishment and rapid expansion of Islam, which had to overcome the traditional idolatry and tribal jealousies of the Arabs and the opposition of their most powerful leaders. From the Battle of Tours brought a halt to the expansion of Islam and produced a sect called the Shiites (Arabic, “partisans”), the only surviving major sectarian movement in Islam. The Shiites emerged out of a dispute over the succession to Muhammad (see Caliphate). After the assassination of the fourth caliph, Ali, in 661, the Shiites (partisans of Ali) were those Muslims claiming that it had been Ali's right to succeed Muhammad directly and that the previous caliphs had therefore been usurpers. They maintained that only the descendants of Ali and his wife, Fatima, Muhammad's daughter, were entitled to rule the Muslim community. This doctrine, known as legitimism, was rejected by the majority of the Muslim community, who came to be known as Sunnites. The Shiites developed a doctrine of the infallibility, sinlessness, and divine right to authority of the descendants of Ali, whom they called imams (see Imam). The main body of Shiites recognize 12 imams and are called the “Twelvers”; the Ismailis recognize 7 and are called the “Seveners.” The last imam disappeared in 880, and Shiites to this day await his return, when they believe that justice will be established on earth. The imam, as the Shiites conceive him, is a repository of wisdom, absolute in his political and religious authority. Under the theoretical aegis of the 12th imam, Shiite religious leaders exercise immense influence. They are more likely to take an innovative approach to religious issues and to defy political authority than Sunnites. During the early centuries of Islam, the Shiites, politically defeated and persecuted, became an underground movement and adopted the principles of taqwa (which in this case means “dissimulation of faith”) and of an esoteric interpretation of the Qur'an (Koran). Thus, Shiites believe that beneath the explicit and literal meaning of the Qur'an are other levels of meaning, which are known only to the imam, who can reveal them to chosen followers. These principles, useful to the movement when it was politically powerless, are still accepted by Shiites. They also affirm the validity of a form of temporary marriage called muta. Shiites pay the tax called zakat (originally levied by Muhammad to help the poor and later levied by Muslim states) to their religious leaders rather than to state authorities, as they did before achieving political power (for instance, in Iran in the 15th century). As a result, many Shiite leaders in Iran and Iraq have immense wealth and property. During the 10th and 11th centuries, Shia Islam had a large following throughout the Middle East, but the spread of the popular mystical movement known as Sufism seems to have greatly diminished its strength. Today Shiites are in the majority in Iran, and large numbers are found in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, India, Pakistan, and parts of Central Asia. Their total number exceeds 165 million. In recent years several Shiite leaders, including the Iranian political leader the Ayatollah Khomeini, advocated rapprochement and solidarity with Sunni Islam. . (This completes the Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia history of Muhammad.)

Now back to General Stiner’s remarks: In 1947 the French controlled Lebanon and the British controlled Palestine. In 1948 the United Nations created an Arab state and an Israel state. The new state of Israel was immediately attacked by Arabs resulting in Israel taking much of the Arab land granted by the United Nations. Fighting continued. 1967, 1973, 1982 all saw significant fighting between Israel and various Arab neighbors. It is the United States policy to support Israel and many in the Arab world hate us for it.

In 1979 and 1980, Iran was one of the United States’ allies until the Shah of Iran made several mistakes, the largest one of which was to allow Khomeini to return to Iran. He immediately overthrew the Shah and hostage taking began. 53 Americans were held 444 days. President Carter failed to get them released and thus was not re-elected. While this may not have been the only reason, it contributed to his failure. The reason for the hostage taking was an attempt to reinstate $22M of equipment and supplies frozen when Khomeini took over Iran. $9M was released ultimately. In 1980, a Jihad or holy war was declared against the United States.

The 600,000 Arabs without a homeland because of the victory of Israel over the years resulted in raids against Israel, terrorist tactics in Jordan promoted by Yasir Arafat, a major threat to Jordan’s King Hussein and the Palestine Liberation Organization moves to Lebanon. About this time we began to realize a new form of warfare in the world. It began when one of the participants in the Tehran embassy who was educated at the University of California came to understand that the United States could not do anything to retaliate against hostage taking. And we did not effectively do anything. More and more hostage taking incidents unfolded over the next few years. In 1985 there were 14 hostages taken in Beirut. It was at this time that the United States formulated a strategy to take over the building where the hostages were being held. We practiced this maneuver and prepared for the day of the scheduled event. Two weeks prior to the action, a CIA agent in Beirut was captured, tortured and forced to identify the operatives in Beirut. All were killed. The rescue never happened. All United States intelligence in Beirut was eliminated. 241 marines were killed using truck bombs. This was a terrible time and General Stiner was personally involved in the response to the terror. He, along with Donald Rumsfield were identified by the terrorist as prime targets and even included in the press release by the terrorists as having been “taken out.” This was not true, of course.

Over the next 20 years many incidences of terrorist activity has been experienced. Each terrorist action seemed to become more brazen and fearless than the last one. Major events occurred in 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998 and 2000 with the final blow being the attacks of September 11, 2001. Sadly America’s response to these terrorist acts has been less than effective. In fact our inaction over the past several years has led the terrorist to correctly assume they can get away with ever increasing terrorist actions.

Usama Bin Laden was first brought to our attention when in an interview Oliver North admitted to installing a substantial security network at his home because of threats to his family he had received. (General Stiner recalls this person threatening North's family as being Usama Bin Laden. A reader of this web page has sent documentation from Oliver North stating that he was actually referring to Abu Nidal who worked for the Libyans, not Usama Bin Laden.) When asked what he thought should be done about this dangerous person, Oliver responded that a team of assassins should be dispatched to kill him. This response seemed out of line to the hearing officials at the time…now we are doing much more to take out terrorist if possible. Things have changed, huh. (It seems obvious to me that General Stiner realized that the world was in danger from people such as Usama Bin Laden and the likes of Abu Nidal).

Usama(Osama) Bin Laden was born July 30, 1957, the 17th of 20 sons of a now deceased Saudi construction magnate of Yemeni origin. When his father died in a helicopter crash in 1968, he left an estate of $6B. Approximately $300M was Bin Laden’s share that he has invested wisely and has used to finance terrorist training and execution of terrorist actions, primarily against the United States. He is thought to have three terrorist training camps in Sudan and maybe others. It is thought that his operatives killed Anwar Sadat.

For those people who over the years have known Bin Laden and his tactics, September 11 came as no real surprise. The specifics maybe, but the attack on America was not surprising. He has had sleeper cells around the world and has been training them for some time. Why did September 11 happen? The CIA had a massive intelligence failure, the FBI internal security failed to pick up the situation, the FAA allowed lax security. The U. S. government over the last eight years allowed us to be set up for failure when the policy was implemented that prevented the intelligence agencies from hiring a spy that was in any way involved with any organization that had committed human rights violations. That is naïve at best and just dumb business. A spy is not likely to be the most sterling citizen and may well lead a distasteful life. We should use them knowing that they may not meet our standards for citizenship, but we should make use of them for the intelligence we can gain from them. Our military is handicapped when we do not have adequate intelligence.

September 11 was aimed to cripple the United States. The attack was asymmetrical in nature. Terrorism is typically asymmetrical. It can focus on chemical, biological and nuclear warfare at the same time from many different angles. Recently 17 military officers conducted a review of the terrorist threat in the chemical and biological warfare area. We concluded our initial review and produced the report containing 22 recommendations just prior to the attack of September 11. We considered the delivery system of crop duster airplanes as well as other delivery systems. After the attack on America the report took on an added importance. Just three weeks ago we met again to update the report. We found the 22 recommendations still appropriate and made only a few minor revisions. Many of the initial recommendations are already being implemented or planned for the near future. Such actions as training first responders, increased training for the National Guard and each state governor responsible for having a trained response force of 300 people. This will require funding of approximately $28M for each state to come up to the recommended state of preparedness.

The weakest link in our system right now is the susceptibility of our computer-controlled systems such as our electrical power grid. Cyber security and defending against a cyber attack is extremely difficult right now. Transportation is also a potential terrorist target as is our energy system. We really don’t know where they might attack next.

These particular terrorist today are unique in that they are trained to think of martyrdom as something very special. The teaching of the Mullahs has hijacked their own religion. While the terrorist coming from this background are the most prominent on the world scene today, they are by no means the only groups promoting terrorism. There are at least eight major groups including: The Network of Terror, the Hamas, the Hezbollah, the Islamic Jihad, the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Japanese Red Army. We must be vigilant. We must know what is going on in these terrorist groups. Only by such preparation can we hope to defend ourselves against continuing attacks.

Will the events of September 11 awake America? How long will we hold our resolve? How soon will we collectively forget the horror? We have a $7 Trillion gross national product. This war on terror may well cost America $3 Trillion! We cannot falter. We must win the war against terror!

Our forefathers gave us the greatest nation ever to exist in the history of the world. What will future generations have if we don’t take appropriate action now to stop terrorism attacks forever? One and one quarter million people have died in wars. We must stop the killing for our children’s sake. There will be no victory parades in this war on terror. It is not a normal conflict, rather is a multi-faceted evil and must be fought through a multi-pronged approach.

It is this important – our very society as we know it is at stake. We can lose all we have gained, all that has been provided us through the sacrifice and dedication of our forefathers. We must win this war on terror!

Questions:
1. Do you think we will catch Bin Laden? ANSWER:Yes!
2. Can we protect our power grid? ANSWER: Cyber attack is the most vulnerability we face right now.
3. Where do you think the Anthrax attack originated? ANSWER: That is hard to say. In 1983 and 1984 weapons grade anthrax was prepared in Beirut. Iraq also has weapons grade anthrax.
4. Do you think we acted properly when we stopped our attack on Iraq before taking out Saddam Hussein? ANSWER: The President had no choice. The moderate Arabs asked us not to kill him. They had no one else that could control that area of the world.
5. Do you agree that the best defense is a strong offense? ANSWER: A balanced offensive to root out the terrorist is required. We must clean up our act relative to intelligence gathering and our response to known terrorist supporting organizations.
6. What about the 5000 people that we have in detention right now? ANSWER: Many of the people we have let into the country are students and we lost track of them. What is happening now is that we are attempting to determine who had connections with the known terrorist groups.

For more information on Carl Stiner's Leadership Principles, go to: Shadow Warriors